Phases of childbirth: Childbirth step by step
Fact-checked and verified by Midwife Maria Midstam
Understanding the step-by-step process of childbirth can make the experience safer - both for the woman giving birth and her partner. Childbirth is usually divided into four phases: latent phases, active phase (opening phase), the expulsion stage (crystallisation stage) and the postnatal stage.
Latency phase - labor starts
The latent phase is the first phase of labor. The cervix (neck of the womb) begins soften, shorten and open. The pains are often mild and irregular, at intervals of 5-30 minutes.
Common signs:
- Nagging pain in back and stomach
- Pressure in the pelvis
- Possibly brownish or blood-mixed discharge
When should you contact your healthcare provider?
- Labor pains were 5 minutes for at least one hour
- Water outlet, even without labor
- Bleeding or reduced fetal movements
- Severe pain, fever or anxiety
How long does the latency phase last?
Active phase - opening phase
In the active phase, labor becomes more powerful, longer and regular. The uterine septum opens faster - from about 4 cm to 10 cm.
Typical characteristics:
- Contractions every 3-5 minutes, 45-60 seconds long
- Increased focus and need for support
- The pain intensifies
During this phase, often admission to the maternity hospital. It offers various forms of pain relief, both medical (e.g. nitrous oxide, epidural) and non-medical (e.g. breathing, massage, hot baths). Find out more about non-pharmacological pain relief and here about pharmacological pain relief.
The expulsion stage - the crystallisation phase
Postnatal period - when the placenta is born
After the baby is born, the uterus contracts to deliver the placenta. It usually happens within 10-30 minutes.
The midwife checks that the placenta is complete and that the bleeding is normal. At the same time, the newborn's first health checks are started and skin-to-skin contact is encouraged.
Recovery after childbirth
Childbirth is followed by a period of physical and mental recovery. It is common to feel tired, sore and emotionally affected.
Rest, closeness and support from partners and caregivers are important parts of recovery.
FAQ - Frequently asked questions about the stages of labor
1. How do I know when I'm in labor?
You feel regular pains that become stronger and more frequent. They often start as a throbbing pain in your back or stomach.
2. How long does the latency phase last?
Anywhere from a few hours to two days is normal - especially for first-time mothers.
3. When should I go into labor?
When your contractions come every 5 minutes for an hour, or if your water breaks, you bleed or feel anxious.
4. What does "10 cm open" mean?
This means that the uterine septum is fully effaced and the baby is ready to be born.
5. Does it always hurt to give birth?
The experience of pain varies. There are many ways to relieve pain - both medical and natural.
6. How long does the whole labor take?
First-time mothers: 12-18 hours on average. Rebirths: often shorter, 6-10 hours.
7. What happens immediately after childbirth?
The baby is often placed skin-to-skin, the placenta is delivered and the healthcare professionals check both mother and baby.
